Communication Matters

Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge.

Presented by Cleveland Hearing & Speech Center & The Hanen Centre

Social skills are the ways we use our language skills in social situations. Social communication is important in developing effective interpersonal skills and is critical to various aspects of our daily life. Social skills are important in childhood and adulthood. What is the relationship between social skills and speech-language skills/disorders?

Assessment

Language is the basis for all learning. Children first learn to communicate through eye contact, crying, vocalizing and gesturing. As they grow, they learn the language around them. Children then learn about their world through language by talking, playing and reading; parents and teachers use various forms of language to help children learn. Later, children learn about language as they grow older.

Sometimes, despite what speech therapy can offer and how hard you may try to improve or regain your verbal communication skills, you may need to consider other options. Modern technological advances have brought about many improvements in devices that can supplement or augment your communication skills. There are simple items and more sophisticated computerized tools as well. These tools are referred to collectively as Augmentative/Alternative Communication (AAC) devices. Some devices speak for you and are called speech-generating devices (SGD).

1. Try not to shout or scream.
2. Decrease your volume – try not to repeatedly yell over others in noisy environments (e.g., restaurants, sporting events or other crowded locations).
3. Try to eliminate background noise when talking.
4. If you overuse your voice, take time for vocal rest by drinking lots of fluids and decreasing the amount of talking you do that day.
5. When possible, use an amplification device or microphone when speaking in front of groups for long periods of time.
6. Drink water to keep your vocal cords hydrated and healthy! If your vocal cords are dehydrated, they are more easily damaged and do not perform as well.
7. Avoid clearing your throat or coughing repeatedly.
8. Avoid excessive use of alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco.
9. Warm up your voice before talking for a long period of time. Practice saying a sound such as “ah” going from low to high pitch and high to low pitch.
10. Use good breath support. Try to breathe naturally and avoid holding your breath while speaking.

How do we produce voice?
The sound of your voice is affected by the size and shape of your larynx, throat and mouth. Abnormalities in the size and shape of these structures or with the airway (trachea) can affect voice quality. Voice problems can be the result of trauma as well.

To produce voice, air is drawn into the lungs, usually through the nose. The lungs expand when they fill with air, and then we gradually release the air through the trachea and mouth. We control the flow of air with muscles of the diaphragm, ribcage and larynx (voice box). As air passes through the trachea, it passes between the vocal folds. Just after we breathe air in, muscles in the larynx close the vocal folds to help keep the air in the lungs. As air pressure builds, the air pushes against the vocal folds, causing them to open. The interaction of muscle tension (closing the vocal folds) and air pressure (opening the vocal folds) causes a vibration of the vocal folds. This vibration creates sound. That sound is shaped by the size and shape of our vocal folds, throat (pharynx) and mouth.

Phonation refers to the production of voice. Each person’s voice is unique to him or her. Our voices are as identifiable as a fingerprint. The first voiced sound we often hear from an infant is a cry. Generally, in infancy, cries can be differentiated and parents learn the meanings of different cries for hunger, pain/discomfort, etc. As infants grow, they begin to coo, exploring the use of their voices and learning what sounds they can make. Eventually, by listening to others and decoding the language around them, they begin to shape their voices by producing various vowels and consonants that initially make up babble and “baby-talk” and later become real words. Find our speech development chart for children ages 0-5 years here.

What are some common voice problems?
There are certain voice problems associated with congenital problems with the airway or central nervous system. Other voice problems are associated with the structures of the mouth, nose and other structures in the throat such as tonsils and adenoids. Still other voice problems are the result of misuse of the voice.

When the airway is compromised or obstructed, a child may not be able to produce voice (phonate). Oftentimes, these problems require surgery. This is also true of problems with the larynx itself. Vocal fold paralysis accounts for 10 percent of all laryngeal problems. One or both vocal folds can be paralyzed. This paralysis is typically the result of damage or lesion to the nerves that stimulate the muscles of the larynx to move and is considered a problem of the central nervous system. Unilateral (one-sided) vocal fold paralysis can sometimes be managed with surgery. There are also devices that can be used to generate sound when the vocal folds cannot.

Children sometimes develop problems with voice without any type of physical or neurological problems. Like adults, children can develop vocal nodules (small bumps on the vocal folds) that make the voice hoarse or breathy. Misusing the voice by talking in an unnatural manner, screaming harshly or making certain noises such as truck and car sounds can lead to changes in voice quality. This in turn can affect how easy or difficult it is to understand what the child says.

What to Look for at Various Ages

Birth to 6 Months

• Responds to sounds (startles, turns head).
• Quiets to familiar voices.
• By 6 months, responds to name being called.
• Vocalizes when talked to.
• Begins to coo.

If your child has difficulty with any of the listed signs and symptoms, a language learning evaluation conducted by a speech-language pathologist SLP) is recommended.

• Reads slowly and painfully
• Shows wide disparity between listening comprehension and reading comprehension of some text; that is, they understand if someone tells them